# Dual groups of Finite Multiplicative Abelian Groups¶

The basic idea is very simple. Let G be an abelian group and $$G^*$$ its dual (i.e., the group of homomorphisms from G to $$\CC^\times$$). Let $$g_j$$, $$j=1,..,n$$, denote generators of $$G$$ - say $$g_j$$ is of order $$m_j>1$$. There are generators $$X_j$$, $$j=1,..,n$$, of $$G^*$$ for which $$X_j(g_j)=\exp(2\pi i/m_j)$$ and $$X_i(g_j)=1$$ if $$i\not= j$$. These are used to construct $$G^*$$.

Sage supports multiplicative abelian groups on any prescribed finite number $$n > 0$$ of generators. Use AbelianGroup() function to create an abelian group, the dual_group() method to create its dual, and then the gen() and gens() methods to obtain the corresponding generators. You can print the generators as arbitrary strings using the optional names argument to the dual_group() method.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup(5, [2,5,7,8,9], names='abcde')
sage: (a, b, c, d, e) = F.gens()

sage: Fd = F.dual_group(names='ABCDE')
sage: Fd.base_ring()
Cyclotomic Field of order 2520 and degree 576
sage: A,B,C,D,E = Fd.gens()
sage: A(a)
-1
sage: A(b), A(c), A(d), A(e)
(1, 1, 1, 1)

sage: Fd = F.dual_group(names='ABCDE', base_ring=CC)
sage: A,B,C,D,E = Fd.gens()
sage: A(a)    # abs tol 1e-8
-1.00000000000000 + 0.00000000000000*I
sage: A(b); A(c); A(d); A(e)
1.00000000000000
1.00000000000000
1.00000000000000
1.00000000000000

AUTHORS:

• David Joyner (2006-08) (based on abelian_groups)
• David Joyner (2006-10) modifications suggested by William Stein
• Volker Braun (2012-11) port to new Parent base. Use tuples for immutables. Default to cyclotomic base ring.
class sage.groups.abelian_gps.dual_abelian_group.DualAbelianGroup_class(G, names, base_ring)

Dual of abelian group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup(5,[3,5,7,8,9], names="abcde")
sage: F.dual_group()
Dual of Abelian Group isomorphic to Z/3Z x Z/5Z x Z/7Z x Z/8Z x Z/9Z
over Cyclotomic Field of order 2520 and degree 576
sage: F = AbelianGroup(4,[15,7,8,9], names="abcd")
sage: F.dual_group(base_ring=CC)
Dual of Abelian Group isomorphic to Z/15Z x Z/7Z x Z/8Z x Z/9Z
over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
Element
base_ring()

Return the scalars over which the group is dualized.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup(3,[5,64,729], names=list("abc"))
sage: Fd = F.dual_group(base_ring=CC)
sage: Fd.base_ring()
Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
gen(i=0)

The $$i$$-th generator of the abelian group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup(3,[1,2,3],names='a')
sage: Fd = F.dual_group(names="A")
sage: Fd.0
1
sage: Fd.1
A1
sage: Fd.gens_orders()
(1, 2, 3)
gens()

Return the generators for the group.

OUTPUT:

A tuple of group elements generating the group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup([7,11]).dual_group()
sage: F.gens()
(X0, X1)
gens_orders()

The orders of the generators of the dual group.

OUTPUT:

A tuple of integers.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup([5]*1000)
sage: Fd = F.dual_group()
sage: invs = Fd.gens_orders(); len(invs)
1000
group()

Return the group that self is the dual of.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup(3,[5,64,729], names=list("abc"))
sage: Fd = F.dual_group(base_ring=CC)
sage: Fd.group() is F
True
invariants()

The invariants of the dual group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup([5]*1000)
sage: Fd = F.dual_group()
sage: invs = Fd.gens_orders(); len(invs)
1000
is_commutative()

Return True since this group is commutative.

EXAMPLES:

sage: G = AbelianGroup([2,3,9])
sage: Gd = G.dual_group()
sage: Gd.is_commutative()
True
sage: Gd.is_abelian()
True
list()

Return tuple of all elements of this group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: G = AbelianGroup([2,3], names="ab")
sage: Gd = G.dual_group(names="AB")
sage: Gd.list()
(1, B, B^2, A, A*B, A*B^2)
ngens()

The number of generators of the dual group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = AbelianGroup([7]*100)
sage: Fd = F.dual_group()
sage: Fd.ngens()
100
order()

Return the order of this group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: G = AbelianGroup([2,3,9])
sage: Gd = G.dual_group()
sage: Gd.order()
54
random_element()

Return a random element of this dual group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: G = AbelianGroup([2,3,9])
sage: Gd = G.dual_group(base_ring=CC)
sage: Gd.random_element()
X1^2

sage: N = 43^2-1
sage: G = AbelianGroup([N],names="a")
sage: Gd = G.dual_group(names="A", base_ring=CC)
sage: a, = G.gens()
sage: A, = Gd.gens()
sage: x = a^(N/4); y = a^(N/3); z = a^(N/14)
sage: X = A*Gd.random_element(); X
A^615
sage: len([a for a in [x,y,z] if abs(X(a)-1)>10^(-8)])
2
sage.groups.abelian_gps.dual_abelian_group.is_DualAbelianGroup(x)

Return True if $$x$$ is the dual group of an abelian group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.abelian_gps.dual_abelian_group import is_DualAbelianGroup
sage: F = AbelianGroup(5,[3,5,7,8,9], names=list("abcde"))
sage: Fd = F.dual_group()
sage: is_DualAbelianGroup(Fd)
True
sage: F = AbelianGroup(3,[1,2,3], names='a')
sage: Fd = F.dual_group()
sage: Fd.gens()
(1, X1, X2)
sage: F.gens()
(1, a1, a2)